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  -2024
  
 
( )
:    :100
:    ,             
           
-
1. 1857           
2.              
-
3.            
4.         
-
5.         
6.          
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-
7.           
8.     ,      
  -2024
  
 
( )
:    : 100
:    ,             
          
-
1. 1857           
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  
1857          ,     ,  
  ,                
     ,        :  
                
      
  ,   26  1950   ,        
1857               
  1857           ,    
-           
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       
󷊨󷊩 1: 1857     -     
1857               , 
               , 1858 
     
       
       
         
          
                
 ,         
󷊨󷊩 2:     
  -               
       :
  , 1861
            
      -     
    
              ,  
 
  , 1892
      
             
  
,                
              ,     
     
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󷊨󷊩 3: 20    -  
1900      
      1885    

,                
  , 1909 (- )
            
"  "     :     
,        
   ,         
󷊨󷊩 4:   
  ,        ,        
  ,      
  , 1919 (- )
        
       : “” (  ) 
” (   )
           
     ,          ,
  ,      
󷊨󷊩 5:   
    (1927)     ,      
         ,        
  , 1935
        
       (       
)
    :         
      
      ,       

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          1935     ,
 ,   ,      ,   
     
󷊨󷊩 6:   -   
    ,             
(1942)        ,        
     
   (1946)
              
        
 ,  1946             
    
  , 1947
   
        
          
󷊨󷊩 7:    
  ,          -   
   . ..      
 26  1949       26  1950    , 
  , ,     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    (1857  1950)
1. 1857       ,    
2. 1861  1892         
3. 1909   ,  
4. 1919  ,      
5. 1935    ,  
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6. 1946    
7. 1947         
8. 1950  
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌
1857                 
1857    
            ,
   1935       ,     ,
     1950             
,       ,          
     , ,       
       ,       
   
2.              
:          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
15  1947               
     : "   ,     ,    
  "
                
   ,              
      ,  -,      

                , 
             
󹺢     
      : ",   ..."      
          
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1. 
            
          
 1947    ,   -      
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
2. 
""  42  (1976)    ,     

             
   (     ),    
      -  
                
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        ,     
3. 
 42     ,   ,       
             
       ,        
  -          
        ,     

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       ,       
4. 
      
    ,       
   ,          
      ,       , 
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    :     
5. 
          ,  
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  
     ,          
 
     -         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         ,    
󷇮󷇭    
        ,      
               
      
1. 
        :
 : ,         
  
 :     ,      
      
 :   ,     
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    , ,         

2. 
    , , ,     
          ,     
    
     -          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       ,         
3. 
    , ,         
 ,          
        -       ,   
  
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    :       
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4. 
    ,        
     
      
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      - ,     
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘      
        ,      
      
    ,         
           
󽆪󽆫󽆬
             -  
   ,     ,          
          , , ,
  
      , ,     
 ,   ,             
  ,   ,    
      
  ,     :
  =   
 =      
                 - 
    ,           , 
        
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-
3.            
:        
               
        ,      , 
       ,     -     
              ,  
   
1947     ,          
      ,          
   ,      ,       
              
  
               
 ,                
        ,       
         ,      
               ,  
    
   
         :
1.             
 
2. -         ;      
,               , 
    
  ,              
   ,       
      III ( 12  35)      
 . ..          "  "
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   
,       -        
,     (   1978  44       )
1.    ( 14-18)
                  
   ,      -    ,    ,   

 14        
 15, , ,           
 16:      
 17   -      
 18: “    (   
 )
            ,      

 
2.    ( 19-22)
,              
           
 19:     :
o     
o     
o /   
o        
o          
o          
 20:         (  , 
 )
 21      -     
   ,  , ,       
 22        
         
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3.     ( 23-24)
        ,        

 23:        
 24:        14       
  
                  
 
4.     ( 25-28)
          -  
 25:         ,   -
 
 26     
 27             
 28          
                
5.      ( 29-30)
          ,     
     
 29   ,           

 30          
    
                 
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6.     ( 32)
.      "    "  ?   ,
       
       ,        
      (  ),  (  ), , -
 ( )   ()     
              
    ?
           
           
       
              
 
    
                 
        ,         
 ,       ,  

         ;     
              
                , 
   ,     
 ,         -  
     
         
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4.         
:       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
             :   ,
  ,           ,  
  ,     - ?      

          1950       
    ,             
1976 ,   ,       , 42   
   
,       : ",    ,   
 
       "
󹺢    ( 51)
 11    ( 10, 11 2002   )   :
1.       , , 
   
  

2.            
3.   ,          
4.         
   
5.               
    
6.              
7.               
8.  , ,         
9.          
10.               
11. 6  14          (86 , 2002   )
󷊆󷊇   
1.     
               
   ,  
        
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2. 
    
  ,   
       ,    
    
3.  
   ,            
       
4.      
                
     ,        
5.  
        ,     
     
  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 :   
       -       ,  
    

1.    
o                 
 
o   ,         ,  
   
2.     
o             
    
3.     
o         ,    
            
4. 
 
o                
 ,  
      
 / 
1.     
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o    ,         
      ,      
o         
2.   
o        , "     "
  ,     ?
3.     
o      42  (1976)     
 ,        
o              
          
4.    
o         ,     
    
o      ,        
5.    
o       ,   
o             ?  
,         ?
󷇮󷇭 
             
    (2001)           
 
           ,     
  
,               

󽆪󽆫󽆬 
     ?
 ,          ,
        
 ,  -,        
   
       -     ,     ,
    
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󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
1.    
o             
     
2.   
o ,   ,          
    
3.  
o       -       ,
          
4.   
o              ,
    
󽆪󽆫󽆬
     
           
        ,      
:   ,       
: , -   
 ,           ,    
          ,   
  ,     :
:42 , 1976 (  )
: 51   11 
 :-,  .
:  ;   
       ,        -  
         : "    ,  
   "
Easy2Siksha.com
-
5.          
:    ,           
       ,          
  ,  ,         , 
-  ,    ,        
,              ,   
     ,     
       

1.   
             ;     
   ,      ,          
        ,     ,   
  
              -   
          
2.   
      ,            
   :
  ( ):          
           
  ( ):       
             
   
  
:  , 
     ,  
 
         
,      -        ,    
 
 
3.   
Easy2Siksha.com
  -      ,      
     :
()  
     
     ( ,  , )   
     ( , ,  )     
     
 ,           ,   
           
    ,    - ,         
           
()  
 
               
          
               
       -         
             ;    
     
()   
    (  )       , 
       
               
    ,    ,       
   
          
()  
    ,              
                
  21    18       ,   
                 
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()  
         :
      
    
             
        
                  
   
()  
      :
    
  
      
       -      
 
4.   
      ,         
 ?
   :           

  :  ,    ,      
              
   
  :       ,    
      
  :          
 ,   ,     -  
,   
  
5.   
             :
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-      ,      
          
 ()         
 ,    ,       
6. 
 ,      ,           
     ,      ,     ,
            
                  
      ,     ,      
      
 ,         ,  1.4    
    -    -          
6.          
:       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
             , ,
,  -        ,   
             ,    
 ,     ,            
 
 ,  74  75   ,       
  "
       "   ,   
          , 
, ,  
     
󹺢   
      ( 
      )
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              
         
 ,        
󷇮󷇭    
           
1.   
    
     ,     ,      
          
 75   
        
         ,    

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
2. 
     

     ,        
   
       
   
 
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :          
3.   
            (  )
      ,         , 
   
      ,          
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
4.       
 , ,           
             
 ,    
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
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5. 
 
  ,      
   (      )  
  
 
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
   
6.    
 
         -  
, -20,  
  
     ,           
 
      ,         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
7.  

  ( 352, 356, 360)        
  
 
        
 ,         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    :   ,   
     
8.   
         
     ,          
   
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                  
9.   
   
      : , , 
, 
             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    :  
      
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10. 
   
            

 ,         
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,            
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃     
        ,      
   

      
      
        
           

     ,       
   -       
   
        
         
󽆪󽆫󽆬
            -  
      , 
    ,    ,  
 ,         
 
 
  ,         , 
  ,    
  ,     :
 :  ,   ,   
:  , -,  ,  , 
, 
:
 ,  ,   
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               -   
    ,            

-
7.           
:   
               
 
, , ,     ,     
                 

                
 ,        ,    
                ,
                
    
             -    
           
   
         ,        


 153     
    
    ,      

       ,       
    
  ,     ""         ,  
       (   )     
           
Easy2Siksha.com
  
                :
1.  
              

 ,           
         
                
356     
     
2.  
               

            
          
      ,       ,  
 
       ( 
      )
 -        (   ) 
     (  )  
            ,   
     
3.  
               

        
            
4.  
       
       , ,     
5.  
     ,        , 
 ,              :
Easy2Siksha.com
            
                

     
           
   
  -      ?
                
 ,            
  :
1.  
   "   "   ,     
                
              
         
2.     ?
             

     ,   ,   
             
3.  356   
              
  
                 
                
" "   
4.    
           ,  
      ,         , 
             
5.   
         
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 (1988)          ,
  ,          
 (2010)          
   ,  
  
    " "   " "?     
         ,      
  
   (     ) ,   
  
,             
    
     
               
                
      ,     
 ,      ,         
           ,        
          ,        
  
 ,     ,          
 ,    ,         
         "  "    
8.     ,      
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:    : ,   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
       -         
,         ,   -     
       ,           
      ?           ,   
  ,             
 
      ,          
󹺢   
1. 
      
       (   )
 , , 
, ,       
 (  +  ) 
         :
o : 60  (, ,      ,  
     )
o : 500 .
2.  
    ()        
         - 18      
     
         
              , 
      
3. 
        
                
      

   ,        
4.   
    
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    25   
         
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :    ,        
󷇮󷇭   
    -          
            
1.  
   ( , ,  ,  )  
 ( , , , )      
             ,  
    
  ,            ,
    
         ,   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              
   ,             
2.  
      
       ()   
                 

        ,    
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
3.  
            
      ,        
      ,         
 
,           
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󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
4.  
    
      
    (   )     
  ,            
5.  
          (  
   )
             
6. -   
          
         - , , , , 
 
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,            
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   
              
1.  
    -          
     
2.   
   ,        ,   
      
3.  
              ,  
   
4.   
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                 
     
5.     
   
           
    
6.   
        ,       
           
󽆪󽆫󽆬 
    ,          :
-        
           
          
 ,    ,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
                
   ,    ,     ,     
      
:         
:, , ,   -
: , ,       
                  -
         ,         
 
  ,     :
 =   
 =    
 =    
      ,         -   
        ,     ,   
    
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"              
     ,     "